Northern North America is broadly similar in habitat to northern Europe and Northern Asia. There are two countries on the mainland area of this region - Canada, the larger of the two, and the United State of America of which Alaska is part. The entire area is moderately flat, having been under a couple miles of glacier during the last ice age. In the western half of Canada the glaciers scrubbed the top soil off the bedrock exposing the Canadian Shield, an area of rock over 4 billion years old.

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